Lúc muốn thuật lại lời nói của người nào đó, bạn sẽ cần tiêu dùng tới câu tường thuật. Trong tiếng Anh họ phân ra câu trực tiếp và gián tiếp với cách chuyển ngữ pháp khác nhau như dưới đây.
Khái niệm câu tường thuật, câu gián tiếp, câu trực tiếp
Câu tường thuật là thuật lại lời nói trực tiếp. Đây là dạng câu phổ biến trong tiếng Anh mà những bạn cần chú ý kỹ.
Câu tường thuật với hai kiểu:
- Tường thuật trực tiếp (direct speech): thuật lại đầy đủ và xác thực điều người nào đó diễn đạt (trích dẫn).
Lúc viết, lời của người nói sẽ đặt trong dấu ngoặc kép.
Ví dụ: He said “She is my girlfriend” thì lúc thuật lại, câu trong ngoặc kép chính là lời nói trực tiếp của anh đấy. Đây là dạng câu trực tiếp.
- Tường thuật gián tiếp (indirect speech): Là thuật lại lời nói của một người theo cách gián tiếp, truyền nhau mà ko với tiêu dùng dấu ngoặc kép, với thể ko trích dẫn y nguyên.
Ví dụ: She said: “ I want to eat ice cream”.
Tường thuật gián tiếp sẽ chuyển ngôi. Họ gọi tắt là câu gián tiếp.
Cách chuyển câu trực tiếp sang gián tiếp
Để chuyển câu trực tiếp sang gián tiếp thì bạn chỉ cần ghép nội dung tường thuật vào phía sau câu nói, lùi thì của động từ xuống Một cấp quá khứ, đại từ sẽ chuyển đổi linh hoạt.
1. Trường hợp thì hiện tại
Nếu động từ chia ở thì hiện tại thì chúng ta giữ nguyên thì của động từ chính, đại từ chỉ định và trạng từ chỉ thời kì, nơi chốn trong câu trực tiếp lúc chuyển sang câu gián tiếp. Chỉ thay đổi cách chia theo ngôi được chuyển đổi.
Ví dụ:
She says: “I like ice cream.”
She says (that) she likes ice cream.
My mother says: “ I am going to Hanoi next week”
My mother says she is going to Ha Noi next week.
They say: “ We are going to the cinema.”
Bạn với thể sử dụng that hoặc ko để thêm vào câu nói thôi.
2. Trường hợp động từ tường thuật ở thì quá khứ
Nếu cau tuong thuat ở thì quá khứ thì lùi động từ chính của câu lúc chuyển sang gián tiếp một bậc theo quy tắc như sau - trong đó với một số thì và từ ko đổi:
| Thì | Câu trực tiếp | Câu gián tiếp |
| Hiện tại đơn | I like ice cream | He said he liked ice cream |
| Hiện tại tiếp tục | I am living in London | He said he was living in London. |
| Quá khứ đơn | I bought a car | He said he had bought a car He said he bought a car. |
| Quá khứ tiếp tục | I was walking along the street | He said he had been walking along the street. |
| Hiện tại hoàn thành | I haven't seen Julie | He said he hadn't seen Julie. |
| Quá khứ hoàn thành | I had taken English lessons before | He said he had taken English lessons before. |
Chuyển đổi thì với trợ động từ, động từ khuyết thiếu
| Chuyển đổi | Câu trực tiếp | Câu gián tiếp |
| Will - Would | I'll see you later | She said (that) she would see me later |
| Would – Ko thay đổi | I would help, but..” | She said (that) she would help but... |
| Can - Could | I can speak perfect English | She said (that) she could speak perfect English. |
| Could - Ko thay đổi | I could swim when I was four | She said (that) she could swim when she was four. shall |
| Shall - Colud | I shall come later | She said (that) she would come later. |
| Should - ko thay đổi | You should quit smoking. | She said I should quit smoking. |
| Might - Ko thay đổi | I might be late | He said he might be late |
Must - Ko đổi Must - Had to | I must study at the weekend | She said (that) she must study at the weekend She said she had to study at the weekend |
Biến đổi đại từ và những từ hạn định theo bảng sau:
| Vị trí | Câu trực tiếp | Câu gián tiếp |
| Chủ ngữ | I | he/ she |
You | I/ We/ They | |
We | We/ They | |
| Tân ngữ | Me | him/ her |
You | me/ us/ them | |
Us | us/ them | |
| Đại từ sở hữu | My | his/ her |
Your | my/ our/ their | |
Our | our/ their | |
| Đại từ sở hữu | Mine | his/ hers |
Yours | mine/ ours/ theirs | |
Ours | ours/ theirs | |
| Đại từ chỉ định | This | the/ that |
These | the/ those |
Sự thay đổi thời kì trong câu gián tiếp
Sự thay đổi thời kì sẽ thực hiện theo thời kì mà lúc bạn chuyển lời lại, thuật lại.
Ví dụ:
It's Monday. Julie says "I'm leaving today".
Vào thứ 2, Julie nói là: “I’m leaving today”.
Nếu bạn kể lại cho người nào đó vào thứ 2, bạn sẽ nói là: “ Julie said she was leaving today.”
Nếu bạn kể cho người nào đó vào thứ 3, bạn sẽ nói là: “ Julie said she was leaving yesterday.”
Nếu bạn kể cho người nào đó vào thứ 4, bạn sẽ nói là: “ Julie said she was leaving on Monday.”
Nếu bạn kể cho người nào đó vào Một tháng sau, bạn sẽ nói là: “ Julie said that she was leaving that day.”
Bảng chuyển đổi thời kì trong câu trực tiếp và gián tiếp
| now | then / at that time |
| today | yesterday / that day / Tuesday / the 27th of June |
| yesterday | the day before yesterday / the day before / Wednesday / the 5th of December |
| last night | the night before, Thursday night |
| last week | the week before / the previous week |
| tomorrow | today / the next day / the following day / Friday |
3. Tổng kết những dạng câu tường thuật
Câu tường thuật ở dạng câu kể
S + say(s)/said + (that) + S + V |
Công thức câu tường thuật:
Một số trường hợp ngoại lệ, nếu câu nói thể hiện sự thực chung chung thì bạn vẫn với thể ko cần thay đổi thì của động từ gián tiếp:
Ví dụ: She said: “ The sky is blue.”
Trường hợp ko cần giảm thì khác:
- Trong câu với năm xác định.
- Những câu với cấu trúc sau: if only, as if, as though, wish, would rather, it’s high time, IF loại 2, 3 .
Trường hợp nghi vấn với câu nghi vấn
Nếu là câu nghi vấn, bạn cũng chuyển nghi vấn thành câu khẳng định thay vị trí chủ ngữ và động từ. Nhưng động từ chính thì chuyển lùi về thì quá khứ.
S + asked (+O)/wanted to know/wondered + Wh-words + S + V. |
Where do you live?
Where is Julie?
Where is the Post Office, please?
What are you doing?
Who was that fantastic man?
Trường hợp với nghi vấn yes/no. Lúc này trong câu tường thuật tiếng Anh, bạn thay thế If cho nghi vấn:
Công thức:
S+asked/wanted to know/wondered+if/wether+S+V
Do you love me?
Have you ever been to Mexico?
Are you living here?
Một số trường hợp khác:
Yêu cầu làm điều gì đó, lịch sự - chuyển sang câu gián tiếp
Ví dụ: Close the window, please
Or: Could you close the window please?
Or: Would you mind closing the window please?
Trường hợp này, bạn tiêu dùng cấu trúc: ask me + to + infinitive':
She asked me to close the window.
Ví dụ khác:
Please help me.
Please don't smoke.
Could you bring my book tonight?
Could you pass the milk, please?
Would you mind coming early tomorrow?
Nếu là câu phủ định, bạn thêm Not:
Please don't be late.
Đối với trường hợp câu tường thuật mệnh lệnh
Bạn chuyển sang câu gián tiếp với tell – told
Khẳng định: S + told + O + to-infinitive.
*Phủ định: : S + told + O + not to-infinitive.
Go to bed!
Don't worry!
Be on time!
Don't smoke!
MỘT SỐ DẠNG CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT ĐẶC BIỆT
SHALL/ WOULD diễn tả đề nghị, lời mời:
Tom asked: 'Shall I bring you some food?'
Tom asked: 'Shall we meet at the cinema?'
WILL/ WOULD/ CAN/ COULD diễn tả sự yêu cầu:
Tom asked: 'Will you help me, please?'
Jane asked Tom: 'Can you open the door for me, Tom?'
Những bạn cùng xem lại tri thức, bài tập của những dạng câu quan yếu:
- Câu điều kiện - tất tần tật tri thức và bài tập chi tiết
- Câu tiêu cực - tri thức và tổng ôn bài tập chi tiết
- Mệnh đề quan hệ - Tri thức và bài tập với đáp án
Bài tập câu tường thuật
Exercise 1: Chuyển những câu sau về dạng câu tường thuật
1. “If the weather is fine, I will go on a picnic with my friends,” she said.
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2. “What would you do if you had three days off ?” I asked him.
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3. “I would have come to see you if I had known your address, Jim” she said.
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4. “I’m sure she will help you if you ask her.” , he told me.
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5. “If Today were Sunday, we wouldn’t go to school.” They said to me.
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6. She said to me, “If I were you, I wouldn’t tell her about this.”
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7. “There would not be enough seats if a lot of guests came.”, they said.
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8. “You will be surprised if you meet him.” , Peter said to Linda.
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9.The boy said : “I won’t be strong if I don’t swim everyday.”
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10. “What would you do if you saw a snake ?” Nam asked Nga.
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11. “We’ll have lunch outside in the garden if it’s not cold.” ,Mr John said.
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12. “Tom would win more races if he trained hard.” , The man said.
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13. “If you feel like a chat, phone me tonight.” David said to me.
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14. “If you isn’t eating so much junk food, you would be a lot fitter.” Mother said.
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15. “I will be surprised if Mary doesn’t pass the exam.” , our teacher said.
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16. “If I knew her hobbies, I could let you know.” He said to me.
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17. “If I won the lottery, I would buy a new car.” , the man said.
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18. “If you had listened to my advice, you wouldn’t have made such a big mistakes.”
Julia said to LiLi.
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Exercise 2: Chọn đáp án đúng nhất.
1. Jack asked me _____.
A. where do you come from? B. where I came from
C. where I came from D. where did I come from?
2. She asked me _____ I liked pop music.
A.when B.what C.if D.x
3. The doctor ____ him to take more exercise.
A.told B.tell C. have told D. are telling
4. I wanted to know_____ return home.
A. when would she B. when will she C. when she will D. when she would
5. Claire told me that her father____ a race horse.
A. owns B. owned C. owning D. A and B
6. What did that man say ______?
A. at you B. for you C. to you D. you
7. I rang my friend in Australia yesterday, and she said it _______ raining there.
A. is B. were C. has been D. was
8. The builders have ______ that everything will be ready on time.
A. promised B. promise C. promises D. promising
9. The doctor _______ him to take more exercise.
A. told B. tell C. have told D. are telling
10. The last time I saw Linda, she looked very relaxed. She explained she’d been on holiday the ______ week.
A. ago B. following C. next D. previous
11. Yesterday, Laura ______ him to put some shelves up.
A. asked B. is asking C. ask D. was asked
12. Tom has ______ this story wasn’t completely true.
A. admitting that B. was admitted that C. admitted that D. admit that
13. When I rang Tessa some time last week, she said she was busy ______ day.
A. that B. the C. then D. this
14. I wonder _____ the tickets are on sale yet.
A. what B. when C. where D. whether
15. Mathew _____ Emma that her train was about to leave.
A. has reminded B. has reminded that C. reminded D. reminded that
16. Hello, Jim. I didn’t expect to see you today. Sophie said you _____ ill.
A. are B. were C. was D. should be
17. Ann ______ and left.
A. said goodbye to me B. says goodbye to me C. tell me goodbye D. told me goodbye
18. I told you ______ switch off the computer, didn’t I ?
A. don’t B. not C. not to D. to not
19. Bill was slow, so I ________ hurry up.
A. tell him B. told him for C. told to D. told him to
20. Sarah was driving to fast, so I ______ to slow down.
A. asked her B. asked C. ask D.have asked her
21. Someone ______ me there’s been an accident on the motorway.
A. asked B. said C. spoke D. told
22. Sue was very pessimistic about the situation. I advised her _____.
A. no worry B. not worry C. no to worry D. not to worry
23. I couldn’t move the piano alone, so I asked Tom_______.
A. giving a hand B. gave a hand C. to give a hand D. give a hand
24. Tom said that New York _______ more lively than London.
A. is B. be C. was D. were
25. When he was at Oliver’s flat yesterday, Martin asked if he ______ use the phone.
A. can B. could C. may D. must
26. George couldn’t help me. He ______ me to ask Kate.
A. tell B. said C. told D. say
27. Judy ______ going for a walk, but no one else wanted to.
A.admitted B. offered C. promised D. suggested
28. I said that I had met her ______ .
A. yesterday B. the previous day C. the day D. the before day.
29. The man asked the boys ______ .
A. why did they fight B. why they were fighting
C. why they fight D.why were they fighting
30. “______the door”, he said.
A. please open B. open pleased C. please to open D. please, opening
31. I wanted to know ______ return home.
A. when would she B. when will she C. when she will D. when she would
32. The woman wonders _______ doing well at school.
A. whether her children are B. if her children were
B. whether her children were D. her children are if
33. Peter said he was leaving for Paris ______.
A. next week B. the week previous C. following week D. the following week
34. “I don’t usually drink milk when ______ ” Mrs. Pike said.
A. she was hungry B. I was hungry C. I am hungry D. I will be
35. They said that their house had been broken into ______.
A. the two days before B. two days ago C. two days before D. since two days
ĐÁP ÁN
Exercise 1:
1. She said if the weather was fine, she would go on a picnic with her friends.
2. I asked him what he would do if he had (had) three days off.
3. She told Jim that she would have come if she had known his address.
4. He told me that he was sure she would help if I asked her.
5. They told me if that day were Sunday, they wouldn't go to school
6. She told me that if she were me, she wouldn't tell her about that
7 . They said that there wouldn’t be enough seats if a lot of guests came.
8. Peter told Linda that she would be surprised if she met him.
9. The boy said that he would not be strong if he did not swim everyday.
10. Nam asked Nga what she would do if she saw a snake.
11. Mr John said that they would have lunch outside in the garden if it was not cold.
12. The man said Tom would win more races if he trained hard.
13. David told me to phone him that night if I felt like a chat.
14. My mother told me that I would be a lot fitter if I was not eating so much junk food.
15. Our teacher said that she would be surprised of Mary did not pass the exam.
16. He told me that if he knew her hobbies, he could let me know.
17. The man said that he would buy a new car if he won the lottery.
18. Julia told LilLi that she would not have made such a big mistake if she had listened to Julia’s advice.
Exercise 2:
1. C
2. C
3. A
4. D
5. D
6. C
7. D
8. A
9. A
10. D
11. A
12. C
13. A
14. D
15. C
16. B
17. A
18. C
19. D
20. A
21. D
22. D
23. C
24. C
25. B
26. C
27. D
28. B
29. B
30. A
31. D
32. B
33. D
34. C
35. B